How to Calculate Cumulative Preferred Stock Dividends

Find the dividend rate for the cumulative preferred stock. The dividend rate will be listed in the stock prospectus (available from the company or your broker). Normally the dividend rate is stated as an annual percentage of the par value (the price the stock was originally issued at).
Multiply the dividend percentage rate by the par value to find the dollar amount of the dividend per share. For example, if the rate is 8.0 percent and the par value is $30 per share, the annual dividend per share is $2.40. Divide this by four to find the quarterly dividend ($2.40/4 = $0.60 per share).
Check the company’s annual and quarterly reports to see if any cumulative preferred stock dividends have not been paid. If so, total the number of quarterly distributions that have been missed and multiply by the quarterly dividend per share. For instance, if the quarterly dividend is $0.60 per share and the company has missed three quarters, the accrued dividend is $1.80 per share.
Calculate the total amount of accrued dividends for the cumulative preferred stock you own. Simply multiply the number of shares by the accrued dividends per share. If there are accrued dividends of $1.80 per share and you own 100 shares, you have $180 coming to you in addition to the regular dividend payments you normally receive.
Figure your next quarterly dividend amount if there are no accrued dividends. This is the regular payment and equals the number of shares multiplied by the quarterly dividend. With a quarterly dividend of $0.60, this works out to $60 for 100 shares.

How to Buy Toyota Stock (8 Steps)

Research Toyota stock. Pull up a chart and most recent news articles. The ticker symbol for Toyota is TM (NYSE---TOYOTA MTR CP ADS). If you have a broker, request analyst reports. See Resources for a link to Yahoo! Finance research on Toyota.
Review the definition of an ADS. According to InvestorWords, an ADS is, 'A U.S. dollar-denominated equity share of a foreign-based company available for purchase on an American stock exchange.' ADS shares are usually issued by a bank. Essentially, these are international stock certificates.
Determine if you want a broker (face to face) or an online broker account. Do you need to be able to reach someone or do you prefer a text? If you are looking to make a trade at a discounted rate, finding an online brokerage is key. E-trade and Ameritrade are two reputable online firms.
Request an application or fill out an online application. You will be required to send or wire funds if you open the account online.
Determine how much you want to invest in Toyota at the given price. If you want to invest $100,000 and Toyota is selling for $100 you can buy 1000 shares, disregarding transaction costs. That is, divide the amount you wish to invest by the current price of the the Toyota ADS. This is an estimate of the amount of shares you will be purchasing at the current price.
Make a Buy Order. Follow the instructions to make a purchase (buy) order if online or call up a representative to help walk you through it. You will need to have the ticker symbol (TM), amount of shares you wish to purchase, the price you would like to purchase the shares at, and the length of time you would like the order to remain outstanding ('good until' date).
Buy mutual funds. Another way to buy Toyota stock without actively managing it is to buy mutual funds with Toyota ADS holdings. The largest holders of Toyota are Fidelity Diversified, Fidelity Overseas Fund, and Fidelity Blue Chip Growth Fund. Franklin Templeton VIP TR---Foreign Securities Fund also owns a significant share.
Request or print out the confirmation on the 'good until' date, the number of shares and the price.

How to Issue New Shares of Common Stock

Decide on the funds that are needed. This will help you decide on how many shares of stock to issue. The price of the stock will be based on the price of your company's stock that is already on the market or on an investment banker's view of how much the stock is worth after doing a thorough check of the finances and operations. The investment bankers are referred to as underwriters. If you have not issued any stock yet, the price is based on the amount set when your corporate application was filed with the Secretary of State's office.
Obtain approval from the board of directors to issue new stock to the public if you are already in operation. If just starting out a business, approval is not needed, and in most cases a board of directors will not be set up yet.
File a registration statement. This is obtained from the SEC. On the statement, besides the basic company information, you will need to state how many shares of common stock you want to issue. You must file at least 20 days before you are going to release the stock.
Notify investors if you are searching for a quick sale to one entity or want an investment bank to buy the stock and reissue to the public for you.
Offer shares to shareholders. This is another option with the issuing of the new stock. You may offer shares based on the percentage of shares that each person or entity already owns.
Allow the issue of stock to go public once the application is processed. If you prefer to have a public sale instead of allowing the stock to go to shareholders, investors, or banks, then allow the stock to be sold on the open market after the SEC approves the application.

How to Take Over a Company by Buying Its Stock

Obtain the company's most recent quarterly balance sheet. The company's ownership structure is outlined in the section of the balance sheet entitled stockholders' equity.
Determine the number of shares outstanding. This is a line item in stockholders' equity. It tells you how many units of stocks have been issued. For instance, let's say that company XYZ has 100,000 shares outstanding.
Calculate the number of shares you need to purchase in order to take over the company. Multiply the total number of shares outstanding by .51. In this example the answer is .51 multiplied by 100,000, or 51,000.
Calculate the amount of capital you need to raise in order to purchase a 51 percent stake in the company. Determine the current price of company stock by contacting your stockbroker, the company's investor relations department or by doing your own research. Let's say the current share price is $10. In this example, the total capital needed in order to purchase a 51 percent stake in the company is 51,000 multiplied by $10, or $510,000.
Secure capital. If you don't have the full stake, you can request a bank loan or solicit the help of other investors. As leverage or collateral, look at the current cash position of the company -- the first line item on the balance sheet. This amount can be used to pay off any loans once the company is taken over.
Purchase a 51 percent stake in the company. Contact your stockbroker to do this. She will execute the order in waves in order to minimize the increase in stock price as the stock is being purchased.