How to Calculate Par Value of Common Stock (3 Steps)

Look through the company's financial statements for the balance sheet. It should have three sections: assets, liabilities and shareholders' equity. Go to the shareholders' equity section of the balance sheet. Sometimes the company uses the term 'stockholders' equity,' which means the same thing.
Identify the line referring to the company's issuance of common stock. It will say something such as 'book value of common shares outstanding' or 'book value of common shares.' This line will also provide the number of shares outstanding and the par value of the common stock, if any.
If the par value is not explicitly stated, divide the book value of the common shares outstanding by the number of common shares outstanding. The result is the par value for one share of that company's common stock.

How to Record Stock Options on a Balance Sheet

Record the periodic cost allocation of the stock option. The periodic cost is the value of the stock options divided by the number of service years. Record a journal entry that debits 'compensation expense' (this expense is reported in the income statement) and credits 'additional paid in capital -- stock options' (a stockholder's equity account reported in the balance sheet). Record this cost annually throughout the employee's vesting period.
Record the exercise of the stock option. When the exercise date arrives, the employee can exercise the option and purchase the company's common stock at the exercise price. Common stock is valued at par, a designated dollar amount used to value each share of common stock on the balance sheet. When common stock is sold or repurchased, it is usually for a price above the par value, so the excess amount over par is credited to an 'additional paid in capital' account. The journal entry to record the exercise of the option involves debiting 'cash' for the number of shares purchased multiplied by the exercise price. In addition, debit 'additional paid in capital -- stock options' for the balance accumulated in the account over the vesting period and credit 'common stock' for the number of shares purchased multiplied by the stock's par value. The remaining credit is made to 'additional paid-in capital in excess of par (common stock)' for the amount needed to balance the journal entry.
Record the expiration of the options, if applicable. If a stock option is not exercised on its exercise date, it will expire or sometimes only some of the shares offered by the option are purchased. If the options expire, the balance in the 'additional paid in capital -- stock options' account needs to be transferred to 'additional paid in capital -- expired stock options' account. By debiting the stock options account and crediting the expired stock options account, the cost is reclassified within the stockholder's equity section of the balance sheet. When a portion of the option shares are exercised and a portion expire, allocate the costs as explained in steps 2 and 3 based on the number of shares purchased and the remaining value of the option that expired.

How to Buy Toyota Stock (8 Steps)

Research Toyota stock. Pull up a chart and most recent news articles. The ticker symbol for Toyota is TM (NYSE---TOYOTA MTR CP ADS). If you have a broker, request analyst reports. See Resources for a link to Yahoo! Finance research on Toyota.
Review the definition of an ADS. According to InvestorWords, an ADS is, 'A U.S. dollar-denominated equity share of a foreign-based company available for purchase on an American stock exchange.' ADS shares are usually issued by a bank. Essentially, these are international stock certificates.
Determine if you want a broker (face to face) or an online broker account. Do you need to be able to reach someone or do you prefer a text? If you are looking to make a trade at a discounted rate, finding an online brokerage is key. E-trade and Ameritrade are two reputable online firms.
Request an application or fill out an online application. You will be required to send or wire funds if you open the account online.
Determine how much you want to invest in Toyota at the given price. If you want to invest $100,000 and Toyota is selling for $100 you can buy 1000 shares, disregarding transaction costs. That is, divide the amount you wish to invest by the current price of the the Toyota ADS. This is an estimate of the amount of shares you will be purchasing at the current price.
Make a Buy Order. Follow the instructions to make a purchase (buy) order if online or call up a representative to help walk you through it. You will need to have the ticker symbol (TM), amount of shares you wish to purchase, the price you would like to purchase the shares at, and the length of time you would like the order to remain outstanding ('good until' date).
Buy mutual funds. Another way to buy Toyota stock without actively managing it is to buy mutual funds with Toyota ADS holdings. The largest holders of Toyota are Fidelity Diversified, Fidelity Overseas Fund, and Fidelity Blue Chip Growth Fund. Franklin Templeton VIP TR---Foreign Securities Fund also owns a significant share.
Request or print out the confirmation on the 'good until' date, the number of shares and the price.

How to Calculate Outstanding Shares of Stock

Determine the par value of the share. The par value of the share is listed under stockholders' equity on the balance sheet. For example, Ricky Rat Corporation has a par value of $4 per common share.
Determine the value of the listed share on the balance sheet. This is a number listed under each year. Determine the year you want to calculate and look at the corresponding line underneath the year on the balance sheet. For example, Ricky Rat Corporation's common share is listed as $20,000 on their balance sheet.
Divide the listed share's value by the par value of the share to find the number of shares outstanding. For example divide $20,000/$4 = 5,000 shares.